What is the Basic Principle of a Heat Exchanger?

 Heat exchangers are essential components in various industrial processes, including power generation, refrigeration systems, HVAC units, chemical manufacturing, and more. They play a crucial role in efficiently transferring heat between two fluids or surfaces without allowing them to mix. This process ensures optimal energy use, enhances safety, and improves overall system performance. A properly designed heat exchanger significantly reduces operational costs and increases process reliability.

With the help of this blog, let’s explore the fundamental principle behind heat exchangers and choose the right one for your needs.

What is a Heat Exchanger?

A heat exchanger's primary function is to effectively transfer heat from one medium to another. The medium could be either a liquid or a gas, and in most applications, the goal is to either cool or heat the medium in question.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics governs the operation of a heat exchanger, which transfers heat from a high-temperature source to a low-temperature sink by bringing two fluids into thermal contact separated by a solid barrier, without physical mixing. 

Basic Principles of Heat Exchange

The principle behind a heat exchanger can be boiled down into a few basic concepts:

1. Conduction: Heat transfer occurs through the solid barrier separating the two fluids, typically metal, which is an excellent conductor of heat.

2. Convection: The movement of the fluids (liquids or gases) themselves transfers heat from one area to another. This can be either natural (due to temperature differences) or forced (using pumps or fans).

3. Thermal Gradient: The efficiency of heat transfer is directly proportional to the temperature difference between the two fluids—the greater the difference, the faster the heat transfer.

4. Surface Area: A heat exchanger works more effectively when the surface area available for heat transfer is large. The more surface area, the greater the potential for efficient heat exchange.

Types of Heat Exchangers

There are various designs and types of heat exchangers, each tailored for specific applications and operational requirements. Below are the most common types:

1. Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

One of the most used forms in industry is the shell and tube heat exchanger. They are made up of a number of tubes, one set of which holds the hot fluid and the other set the cool fluid. These tubes are enclosed within a cylindrical shell. Heat is exchanged between the fluids through the walls of the tubes.

• Advantages: Shell and tube heat exchangers are robust and can handle high pressures and temperatures.

• Applications: Common in oil refineries, chemical plants, and power plants.

2. Plate Heat Exchangers

In a plate heat exchanger, thin, corrugated plates are stacked to create channels for fluids to flow through. The fluids are separated by thin plates, allowing for excellent heat transfer due to the large surface area in contact with the fluids.

• Advantages: High efficiency due to large surface area; compact design.

• Applications: HVAC systems, food processing, and refrigeration systems.

3. Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers

These heat exchangers use air to remove heat from a liquid or gas. The fluid flows through a series of tubes, while fans blow air across the tubes to dissipate heat.

• Advantages: No need for water, making it suitable for areas where water is scarce.

• Applications: Used in automotive radiators, air conditioning units, and process cooling in industries.

4. Double Pipe Heat Exchangers

One pipe within another makes up a double-pipe heat exchanger, which has a straightforward design. One fluid flows through the inner pipe, while the other flows in the annular space between the two pipes. Heat is transferred between the fluids as they flow through the pipes.

• Advantages: Simple and easy to maintain; ideal for small-scale applications.

• Applications: Used in small power generation systems and low-capacity cooling systems.

Key Factors Influencing Heat Exchanger Performance

Several factors affect the performance and efficiency of a heat exchanger, including:

1. Temperature Difference (ΔT)

The effectiveness of heat transfer depends on the significant temperature gradient between hot and cold fluids, which is crucial for optimal performance. 

2. Fluid Flow Rate

The flow rate of fluids significantly influences heat transfer, with higher rates allowing more heat exchange but potentially increasing pressure drop, which may require system design consideration. 

3. Heat Transfer Coefficient

The heat transfer coefficient measures the efficiency of heat transfer between fluids and the heat exchanger surface, influenced by fluid properties, flow velocities, and the heat exchanger surface's nature. 

4. Surface Area

Plate heat exchangers, due to their large surface area, are more efficient than double pipe exchangers due to their superior performance.

5. Material of Construction

The efficiency of a heat exchanger is influenced by its material, with copper and aluminum being common choices for high thermal conductivity, while stainless steel or specialized alloys are used in corrosion-prone environments. 

Common Applications of Heat Exchangers

Heat exchangers are essential across numerous industries, where they perform vital functions such as cooling, heating, condensing, or even evaporating fluids. Among the most often used uses are:

• Power Generation: In power plants, heat exchangers transfer heat from the combustion process to water, generating steam that drives turbines and produces electricity.

• Refrigeration and Air Conditioning: Heat exchangers are critical in refrigeration and HVAC systems, where they transfer heat between indoor and outdoor environments to cool or heat spaces efficiently.

• Chemical and Petrochemical Industries: Heat exchangers are used to control temperatures in chemical reactors, distillation columns, and other processes where temperature regulation is vital for safety and product quality.

• Food and Beverage Industry: Plate heat exchangers are commonly used to pasteurize liquids and control temperatures during food and beverage production.

• Automotive Industry: Radiators in cars are a type of heat exchanger that cools the engine by transferring heat from the coolant to the air.

How to Pick the Best Heat Exchanger for Your Requirements

Selecting the appropriate heat exchanger involves considering fluid types, temperature requirements, available space, and specific application needs. Here are a few key considerations when selecting a heat exchanger:

• Fluid Compatibility: Verify that heat exchanger materials are compatible with the fluids, particularly if corrosive or high-temperature.

• Operating Conditions: Evaluate pressure, temperature, and flow rate when selecting heat exchanger design and materials.

• Maintenance Requirements: Some heat exchanger designs are easier to clean and maintain than others. Plate heat exchangers, for example, are easier to dismantle and clean compared to shell and tube designs.

• Cost and Efficiency: Balancing cost and efficiency is crucial. Although efficient heat exchanger designs may require a higher initial investment, they typically yield long-term savings through decreased energy consumption. 

Concluding

Heat exchangers are essential in various industries, transferring heat efficiently through conduction, convection, and thermal gradients. They offer energy savings, process optimization, and environmental benefits. Selecting the right heat exchanger is crucial for maintaining efficiency and ensuring reliable, cost-effective operation, whether cooling a car engine or running a chemical plant. 

Alaqua Inc. specializes in providing high-quality heat exchanger in hvac application. Its innovative design ensures optimal energy efficiency and reliable performance in various heating and cooling systems. With a focus on durability and compatibility, Alaqua Inc. delivers heat exchangers that meet the demanding requirements of modern HVAC systems.

The Definitive Guide to Heat Exchangers: Navigating the Essentials

There are several factors to consider when it comes to heat exchanger. What kind is best for your requirements? What are the fundamental concepts that underpin heat exchangers? How do you pick the best one for your needs? We will address all of these questions and more in this comprehensive guide. We'll begin by going over the fundamental ideas that underpin heat exchangers. Moreover,  we'll look at the many types of heat exchangers and their properties. Finally, we'll go through how to choose the best heat exchanger in the USA for your needs.

Heat Exchangers: An Overview:

Simply put, heat exchangers facilitate the transfer of heat between two fluids with different temperatures without any direct contact. In fact, this separation ensures no cross-contamination while maintaining efficient heat transfer.

Understanding heat exchangers is fundamental for many industries. These devices play a pivotal role in regulating temperature for various applications, ensuring optimal performance and safety. 

The Science Behind It: Thermodynamics

The very essence of heat exchangers lies in the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics.

The First Law posits that energy cannot be generated or obliterated, only transformed. Also, For heat exchangers, this implies that the total heat energy remains consistent before and after the process.

The Second Law dictates that heat flows from warmer to cooler bodies. In a heat exchanger, this means heat always migrates from the hotter to the cooler fluid.

Design Elements of Heat Exchangers-

There's a rich tapestry of heat exchangers, each tailored for specific requirements. Key design characteristics include:

• Flow Configurations

This pertains to the manner in which fluids navigate the exchanger. The primary configurations include concurrent, countercurrent, and crossflow.

• Construction Methods 

In fact, metals dominate the construction materials for heat exchangers, especially in petrochemical operations. Each material offers unique attributes, influencing the construction method.

• Static vs. Dynamic 

In static designs, fluids remain stationary. In contrast, dynamic versions keep the fluid moving, generally offering greater efficiency.

Heat Transfer Mechanisms:

Two principal mechanisms govern heat transfer in exchangers: single-phase and two-phase transfers. While the former involves no phase change, the latter capitalizes on the latent heat during phase transitions, offering a substantial heat transfer rate.

Key Types of Heat Exchangers:

Among the plethora of exchangers, the 'Shell and Tube' and 'Air Cooled' heat exchangers stand out.

• Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers-

A bundle of tubes is housed within a shell. Fluids traverse these tubes, exchanging heat without mingling. Furthermore, this is the most popular choice due to its versatility and robustness.

• Air Cooled Heat Exchangers-

Essentially a shell and tube exchanger minus the shell, with the added element of air. Fans often augment the cooling process, bolstering the forced convection effect.

Deciphering the Right Heat Exchanger for You

Selecting the perfect heat-exchanger requires considering:

• Fluid Characteristics-

Understand the nature of your fluid, its flow rates, temperatures, and other crucial attributes.

• Thermal Outputs-

Define the heat output you desire.

• Size-

Therefore, a misfit in size either limits performance or results in wasted investment.

• Cost-

Therefore, consider both initial and operational costs.

Applications of Heat Exchangers:

Two major applications include:

• HVAC Systems-

Regulating air temperature by transferring heat between air and fluid.

• Process Industries- 

These exchangers facilitate temperature modulation between two process streams.

Maintaining Your Heat Exchanger

Maintenance is imperative for the longevity and efficacy of heat exchangers. Regular cleaning, damage inspections, and timely repairs ensure their optimal functioning.

Furthermore, if you encounter issues, remember that expert engineers can troubleshoot and provide solutions, ensuring the continuous and efficient performance of your heat exchanger.

The Road Ahead

Consequently, heat exchangers, with their diverse designs and applications, play an essential role in numerous industries. Moreover, when in the process of selecting the perfect heat exchanger, it's crucial to take into consideration aspects such as the type of fluid, the expected thermal output, dimensions, and financial constraints. Engaging with a knowledgeable heat exchanger maker or manufacturer in the USA can provide you with an exchanger tailored to your precise requirements.

Counter Flow Heat Exchangers & Working Principles

 A heat exchanger is a device that allows heat to be transferred from one medium to another quickly and efficiently. It is used to heat or cool a certain medium by utilizing another in the area. The technique is based on the fundamental science of heat transport from a hot to a cold medium. While anyone can change the temperature of a material by making physical contact with it or combining it with another liquid. A heat exchanger allows heat to be transferred without making physical contact.

It is made up of separate elements with a strong thermal conductivity that operate as heat transmission elements. They divide the two fluids while allowing heat to be transferred efficiently. The real heat transfer occurs in reaction to the relative flow of liquid in these separated parts, regardless of the size and shape of the exchanger. For effective heat transfer between the medium, a heat exchanger might have a contemporaneous, counter, or cross-flow arrangement.

Heat exchangers with the opposite fluid flow direction are classed as counter-flow heat exchangers. Shell and tube, plate, double-pipe, one-phase, or multi-phase counterflow heat exchangers are all options. Alaqua is processing equipment such as evaporator, distillation, crystallizer, spray dryer, solvent recovery, and heat exchanger equipment supplier worldwide based in the USA.

Different Types of Heat Exchangers

Heat exchangers are typically classified into two categories based on the flow arrangement: counter-flow and parallel flow heat exchangers, which are referred to as crossflow and inline, respectively.

Inline

Hot and cold fluids run in parallel in this type of exchanger. They're called counter-current counterflow heat exchangers if they move in the other direction, and are called parallel or co-current heat exchangers if they move in the same direction.

Due to the temperature differential between the fluids being uniform throughout fluid routes and the exchanger, counter-flow heat exchangers are more efficient than parallel exchangers.

Crossflow

The fluid in the cold and hot parts of a crossflow heat exchanger flows perpendicular to each other. This type of heat exchanger is more efficient than counterflow heat exchangers, and the entire heat exchanger can be contained within a box. The logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) of this kind is larger than that of the inline type.

If you like this post you can check our latest blog on why sometimes it’s better to buy a new heat exchanger than keep the old one. Let's continue to our blog.

Counter Flow Heat Exchanger

Heat exchangers with counterflows use flows that flow in the opposite direction of each other. Heat exchangers with counterflow layouts include shell and tube and twin pipes. A counter-flow architecture is the best design for a shell and tube or double-pipe exchanger because it provides for the most heat transfer between the fluids. Counterflow is more efficient than parallel flow, and the temperature of the cooling fluid outflow can be higher than that of the warmer fluid inflow.

Differences Between Parallel and Counter Flow Heat Exchangers

In terms of flow direction and heat transfer, parallel and counter flow heat exchangers are distinct. Both inlets are on the same side in parallel exchangers, while all of the outlets are on the other side. The intake has the greatest temperature differential, which reduces to the smallest at the outlets. When compared to the counter flow, it is the polar opposite.

As previously stated, the basic function of all heat exchangers is to transfer heat from hot fluids to colder fluids and to exchange energy between them. The heat transfer rate is greatly influenced by the surface of the plates, pipes, or whatever separates the fluids in a heat exchanger, and by increasing it, we may get a high rate of heat transfer for heavy-duty applications.

The amount of heat transfer and the fluids' output temperature determine the size and type of heat exchanger. The hot fluid output temperature is critical if the device's purpose is to cool, while the cold fluid output temperature is critical if the device's goal is to heat.

Merits and Demerits of Parallel Over Counter Flow Heat Exchangers

Parallel-flow arrangement: The hot and cold fluids enter from the same end, flow in the same direction, and exit from the same end in a parallel-flow system.

Counter-flow arrangement: Fluids enter at opposite ends, flow in opposite directions, and exit from opposite ends in a counter-flow arrangement.

A counter-flow heat exchanger transfers more heat than a parallel flow heat exchanger under the same conditions. The two heat exchangers' temperature profiles reveal two serious flaws in the parallel-flow design.

• Thermal strains are created by the considerable temperature differential at the ends.

• The temperature of the cold fluid leaving the heat exchanger is never higher than the temperature of the hot fluid at its lowest point.

When two fluids must be brought to almost the same temperature, a parallel flow heat exchanger is advantageous.

Alaqua is processing equipment including heat exchanger makers and suppliers worldwide to various environmental, pharmaceuticals, chemical, food, and power generation industries. We offer equipment fabrication, installation and commissioning, troubleshooting, retrofitting, personnel training, and field services for processing equipment as well. Request a quote today!

How Solvent Distillation Equipment Reduces Hazardous Waste?

The waste created by manufacturing facilities may be a burden on the environment, especially if the material is dangerous. To properly dispose of hazardous waste, companies must adhere to local, state, and federal environmental rules. Solvent distillation equipment allows businesses to accomplish just that while also recovering wasted raw materials.

Distillation is the most cost-efficient and ecologically friendly way of dealing with hazardous waste containing wasted solvents. In contrast to traditional fuel mixing, purified solvents are returned to the industry to extend the product's life, minimizing and reusing hazardous waste. This is how you do it.

How does Solvent Distillation work?

Liquids in hazardous waste are filtered and combined in a blending tank when it arrives at a solvent distillation facility. After that, they're sent to a solvent recovery still.

To create steam, solid wastes are thermally processed at 1,500 degrees Fahrenheit. After that, the steam is used to run the recovery stills.

The solvent distillation process starts at the solvent recovery still:

• Solvent waste is received and sorted. They're also subjected to a fingerprint examination.

• Pumping and filtration of liquid drums are conducted.

• Solvents are pumped to the distillation unit once filtration has been completed.

• The fractionation column fills with vaporized solvent vapors.

• The solvent is cooled by the heat exchanger.

• The solvent is poured into a completed product tank when it has cooled.

• The product is subsequently packed and sent back to the industry in barrels and totes.

How Does Distillation Equipment Work together?

The solvent distillation process involves the application and removal of heat to separate a liquid or vapor combination into its component fractions of desired purity.

A boiling mixture's vapor is richer in low boil point components during the solvent distillation recovery process. The liquid condensate is ready to be sold back into the industry once the vapor is cooled and condensed.

The non-vaporizing component of the original mixture stays at the bottom of the recovery still. This component is especially significant since it may be utilized as a source of alternative fuel in some industries.

So, how do distillation equipment collaborate to reach this modern-day recycling goal?

When a corporation manufactures and transfers hazardous waste to a solvent distillation plant, the garbage is identified and sorted using fingerprint analysis.

Solvents are piped to the distillation unit after liquid drums are pumped and filtered. Volatile solvent vapors extend into the fractionation column here.

The solvent is cooled and delivered to a final product tank through a heat exchanger. The product is subsequently packed and sent back to the industry in barrels and totes. Solid wastes are thermally processed to produce steam, which is then utilized to power the recovery stills.

What Solvents Can Be Recycled Using Distillation Equipment?

Solvents are molecules that have the ability to dissolve solutes or other molecules. A solvent is a substance that can be solid, liquid, or gaseous. The solute molecules get uniformly dispersed throughout the solvent when the molecules of a solvent pull apart the molecules of a solute. At this point in the operation, the solvent and solute can only be separated by heat or another chemical procedure.

Solvents may be recycled, reprocessed, and reused in large quantities. The following are some examples of solvents that are often recycled:

• Aliphatic

• Aromatics

• Halogenated hydrocarbons

• Alcohols

• Ketones

• Esters

Water is among the most common and widely used solvents available.

Recycling Solvents Benefits

When a product's life cycle is extended, trash is transformed into a useful resource once again. Solvent distillation creates a closed-loop recycling system when paired with energy recovery, guaranteeing that nothing is wasted.

When hazardous waste materials are converted to energy and utilized to power solvent recovery stills, a company's carbon footprint is significantly decreased.

Because fewer truckloads of materials are transported off-site for secondary recycling at cement kilns, solvent distillation and the closed-loop recycling process help to prevent further pollution.

Indeed, for every 100 gallons of common solvents distilled, 30 gallons of still bottoms are produced, which are then combined with ash. You may save money on transportation and minimize your carbon footprint by reducing the number of truckloads that go to the closest cement kilns.

The following are some of the advantages of reusing your used solvent by distillation:

• Purchase expenses for virgin solvent are lower.

• Spent solvent disposal expenditures are reduced.

• Due to a reduction in the amount of hazardous waste created, the status of the hazardous waste generator may change.

How It Helps The Environment?

Solvent distillation is a crucial procedure for reducing the quantity of hazardous waste that is disposed of in the environment. Solvent distillation guarantees that waste becomes valuable again by extending the life of the product.

When hazardous waste materials are converted to energy and utilized to power solvent recovery stills, it also minimizes a company's carbon impact.

Solvent distillation also reduces pollution by preventing the production of additional trash. When evaluating a company's carbon footprint, waste transportation is one of the most influential operations. Solvent distillation considerably reduces the number of truckloads used to transfer materials off-site for secondary recycling at a cement kiln.

When used as part of a True Closed Loop Recycling system, solvent distillation minimizes hazardous waste even further. This system consists of a waste solids energy recovery process and a waste solvent distillation process.

Almost nothing is wasted when using a Closed Loop Recycling system. 30 gallons of still bottoms are created for every 100 gallons of solvents distilled and combined with ash. This procedure guarantees that all garbage is recycled and avoided landfills. This also assures that the company complies with all local, state, and federal standards, while also reducing waste and contributing to environmental preservation.

Conclusion

Solvent distillation equipment plays a vital role in minimizing the quantity of hazardous waste disposed of in landfills. Every piece of equipment works together to extend a product's life, restoring its value.

The benefits of solvent distillation systems are multiplied when used as part of a closed-loop recycling system, allowing a corporation to attain the maximum level of sustainability and corporate responsibility.

Alaqua is USA based processing equipment such as the evaporator, heat exchanger, crystallizer, solvent recovery, spray dryer, and distillation equipment supplier worldwide that also offers their services. They have 25+ years of experience in processing equipment products and services. Contact them to get processing equipment, information and queries today!

Crystallizers in Pharmaceutical Industries | Alaqua Inc

Crystallization plays an important role in the pharmaceutical industry as it begins with the separation of intermediates and ends with the manufacturing of active medicinal components (APIs). Almost all pharmaceutical production methods rely on crystallization. Crystallizer for crystallization is required in both processing and development, whether for the purification of intermediates, the production of the product, or the avoidance of crystallization in amorphous products.

Crystallization is an artificial or natural process in which solid crystals form from the melting of a solution or, less frequently, a gas. A solute is a mass moved from a liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase through crystallization, which is also a chemical solid-liquid separation process. Alaqua is processing equipment including a crystallizer supplier in the USA that supplies crystallizers worldwide.

A crystallizer is used in chemical engineering to produce crystals. As opposed to precipitation caused by a chemical reaction, crystallization is a type of precipitation that occurs as a result of a change in the solubility conditions of the solute in the solvent. Take the example of lactam antibiotic Ceftriaxone sodium, which is a third-generation, semisynthetic, broad-spectrum cephalosporin which is the world's most popular anti-infectious product.

Continuous systematic investigations and R&D have been conducted to address issues encountered in the manufacturing of ceftriaxone sodium in the industry, such as poor batch yields, fewer commercial batches, and a lack of quality uniformity, among other issues.

The problem was explored using R and D, and continuous lab batches were obtained, data were analyzed, and more study on ceftriaxone sodium crystallization was completed.

For the industrial synthesis of ceftriaxone sodium, a novel dilution crystallization technique has been successfully applied, and the product quality, yield, and size have all improved significantly over the previous technology.

The crystal formation of ceftriaxone sodium has been studied and researched extensively in the past. The crystallization process is established by assessing the kind of crystallization equipment, solvent quality, temperature control, solvent recovery, time for reflux, seed effects, stirring RPM (speed) control, purification, and concentration of mother liquor. After extensive research on ceftriaxone sodium crystallization, the product's quality, yield, and size have all increased.

Controlling crystallization processes necessitates knowledge of crystallization kinetics (both nucleation and growth) as well as the ability to adjust the kinetics to reach the desired outcome. The conventional top-down motto of "make it large, then grind it little" no longer works in most circumstances when it comes to traditional pharmacological ingredient physical qualities like particle size and specific surface area. Physical property control solutions nowadays are centered on using a well-defined crystallization process to produce the final particle size or specified surface area criteria.

Furthermore, physical qualities are maintained by separation activities such as filtering, drying, and pneumatic transportation. Crystallization is no longer solely for isolating the active ingredient or improving the impurity profile. The need for more control has modified crystallization process design to favor crystal development over nucleation, with seed utilization and supersaturation control being crucial variables. The effective design of a crystallization process to achieve a predetermined physical attribute (such as particle size) is based on population balance theory and the use of the right design equations. The main message is that physical attributes may be manipulated by optimizing crystal formation on a well-defined seed.

Engineering of Crystals

The design of the crystallization process is used to regulate the physical properties of the medicinal ingredient. Crystal shape and particle size distribution are two of the most frequent physical features that are manipulated. Other physical qualities including specific surface area, bulk/tap density, and powder flowability are all influenced by the crystal structure (or habit). The establishment of physical property control needs is one of the initial phases in crystallization design and final control.

Physical Characteristics

The arrangement of the component molecules in a repeating pattern that extends spatially in all directions is referred to as crystal form. Different ordering of component molecules within the lattice, both intramolecular and intermolecular, can result in many forms or polymorphs of a material. Due to variances in free energy, melting points vary among crystal formations. The solubility of one form to another is influenced by the free energy difference across crystal forms, which can have a direct impact on bioavailability. As a result, one of the most significant needs for a pharmacological substance crystallization process is control of crystal form, as well as the capacity to determine which crystal form is present (through solid-state analysis).

When it comes to physical qualities, particle size is likely the most widely considered property. The absolute value of particle size, on the other hand, is dependent on how it is defined and measured. Although the crystals have a three-dimensional length, a one-dimensional PSD function is frequently utilized in practice to capture and explain the distribution. The characteristic length is often defined as an analogous diameter of a sphere with the same behavior under the measurement conditions.

Particle form is particularly crucial for drug substance control, and new methods are emerging to assess particle shape using in situ and offline sample analysis. A basic qualitative comprehension of form, on the other hand, is frequently all that is required.

Stirred vessels, fluidized beds, and impinging jets are the three types of crystallizers made in the USA by Alaqua most commonly used for pharmaceutical crystallization. The most suitable design is determined by the process's unique requirements for supersaturation control, mixing quality standards, and the medicinal substance's desired physical qualities. Access to a variety of crystallizer types is preferable for maximum flexibility, however, stirred containers are commonly used in traditional pilot plants and commercial operations. Stirred vessel crystallizer, feed vessels (both feed concentrate and antisolvent) with flow rate and feedback control capability, wet-milling equipment (e.g., rotor-stator mill) for seed conditioning, an optional recycle loop for in-line mixer, PAT, and wet-mill installation, isolation equipment for filtration and drying (e.g., agitated filter dryer), and a comill to de-lump the drug substance prior to bulk packing are all key components of the layout.

Isolation Equipment (Drying, Filtration) and Compelling

Although the emphasis has been on getting the appropriate physical qualities in the crystallizer, it is also critical to retain those properties through product isolation (filtration and drying). Agitated filter dryers and a centrifuge connected to a "pan" drier are two often used equipment sets for filtration and drying. Any big, loosely-bound "clumps" of particles that may have accumulated during filtering and drying are normally de-lumped before being released from either equipment set. For de-lumping prior to bulk packing, a comill with a variety of impeller types and screen sizes is commonly employed.

Alaqua is a food-grade, sanitary, and ASME code evaporator, distillation equipment, solvent recovery, heat exchanger, spray dryer, and crystallizers supplier in the USA that also provides services for processing equipment. They have more than 25 years of experience in supplying processing equipment worldwide. Contact them today to know more about their product and services! For more visit on Site - www.alaquainc.com